The Mediterranean Diet (A Dietitian’s Review)

The Mediterranean diet has been around for quite some time, and it remains one of the most studied diets for health and nutrition.¹ In fact, it ranks as one of the “best diets overall” by US News and World Report year after year.²

In this post, we’ll give you an overview of the Mediterranean diet. This includes what it is, how to follow it safely and additional information about difficulty and supplementation.

We hope this post empowers you to make individualized dietary decisions alongside your healthcare provider.

What Is the Mediterranean Diet?

The Mediterranean diet is so much more than enjoying red wine and fruit on an Italian vineyard! It mimics the traditional eating patterns of people living in the Mediterranean region.^1,3

When crafted correctly, the diet is balanced and easy to follow. It emphasizes several key nutrients that are typically overlooked in the Western diet, more specifically:³

• Healthy fats and omega-3s
• Phytonutrients (nutrients from plants)
• Fiber
• Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
• Antioxidants

Next, let’s talk about how to make Mediterranean meals. We’ll also discuss health benefits and risks later on in this article.

Try It Out: Download Our Heart Healthy Mediterranean Cookbook

How to Follow a Mediterranean Diet (Safely)

While there are no concrete guidelines, most Mediterranean diet patterns share similar characteristics.¹ In general, you’ll notice that the Mediterranean diet is mostly plant-based and does not limit healthy dietary fat, especially from olive oil.

What Foods to Eat on a Mediterranean Diet

Wondering what your Mediterranean plate should look like? Here are some basic guidelines to follow when planning your meals:

Choose Whole Grains

When adding a grain or starch to your Mediterranean meal, choose whole grain options rather than refined or white grains. Preferred Mediterranean starches include:³

• Whole grain bread, pasta and crackers
• Potatoes and sweet potatoes (with the skin)
• Ancient grains (e.g. quinoa, millet, farro)

Go Plant-Based

As you plan out each meal, take time to think about what fruits and vegetables will be included. Fruits and vegetables are the stars of every meal in the Mediterranean diet.^4-5

For example, a warm squash salad or cold Greek salad would be great options. However, transform classic chicken noodle soup by including more vegetables, whole grain pasta and smaller amounts of lean poultry.

Switch to Olive Oil

The Mediterranean diet aims to cut back on butter, creams and lard. So, if you need fat to prepare your meals, use olive oil.⁵

While the Mediterranean diet does not indicate how much olive oil to consume each day, the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends limiting oil to 27g (~2 Tbsp) per day for those on a 2000 calorie diet.¹⁴ You can also use olive oil as a garnish for salads, pasta dishes and more.

If you want more flexibility, you can also incorporate other cooking oils like avocado, grapeseed and sunflower.

Eat Very Little Red Meat

Overall, the Mediterranean diet consists of low to moderate meat intake. Most importantly, emphasize plant-based proteins like beans, lentils, nuts and seeds.

If you do want to eat animal-based protein, choose seafood, eggs, cheese or lowfat dairy.^1,5 The Mediterranean diet may include limited amounts of lean poultry as well.

However, when it comes to red meat and processed meat, try to limit these items as much as possible.^1,4

Don’t Fear Healthy Fats

Healthy fats come from fatty fish (e.g. tuna, salmon), avocado, liquid cooking oils, nuts, nut butters, seeds and olives. The Mediterranean diet encourages you to consume such items. For specific Mediterranean food group recommendations based on your calorie intake, visit the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (see Appendix 3, Table A3-5).

However, even though healthy fats provide nutritional benefits, they do carry a hefty amount of calories in a small portion. For example, just 1 tablespoon of almond butter contains 98 calories.⁶

Make Fruit Your Dessert

Try to limit the amount of sweets that you consume. Instead, it’s more Mediterranean to eat fresh fruit for dessert, which can help you cut back on calories, fat and sugar.

Need some extra help? Try out a free, 1-week Mediterranean meal plan

Alcohol and the Mediterranean Diet

Within the context of the Mediterranean diet, red wine is consumed regularly in low to moderate amounts.⁵ For decades, it was believed that the polyphenols in red wine were beneficial, so many people figured they “might as well” have the wine.7 However, this can get out of hand if not responsibly consumed.

Updated alcohol recommendations have emerged. According to the CDC, it is recommended that women consume 0-1 drinks per day and men consume 0-2 drinks per day – on any day that alcohol is consumed.⁸

However, if you don’t drink alcohol or have a history of alcohol abuse, don’t start just to get the benefit of polyphenols. So, in terms of your overall health, drinking less is better than drinking more.⁸

Mediterranean Diet FAQs

We’ll answer some commonly asked questions about the Mediterranean diet so you can better determine if it’s right for you.

What Are the Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet?

There are a variety of benefits to the Mediterranean diet. Here are a few to consider:

• Higher dietary fiber and phytonutrient intake: When you prioritize plant-based foods, you also give yourself more dietary fiber via fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds and legumes.^9-10
   
• Improves cardiovascular health: Research suggests that following a Mediterranean diet may reduce blood pressure and LDL “bad” cholesterol.³ In women, one study observed a 25% lower risk of developing heart disease if a Mediterranean-style diet pattern was consumed.¹¹ It is even recommended by the American Heart Association.¹

Is it Hard to Follow a Mediterranean Diet?

Compared to other diets, following a Mediterranean diet can be pretty simple. There are no concrete rules to follow, but rather, recommendations for a healthy pattern of eating.¹

It is great for people who want a simple dietary pattern to copycat – with choices from a variety of food groups.

If you would like more help, we suggest speaking to a Registered Dietitian who can customize a Mediterranean diet plan for you.

Are There Safety Concerns with the Mediterranean Diet?

Prior to starting a new diet, consult with your doctor and/or dietitian. Certain diets can put you at risk for nutrient deficiencies, nutrient toxicities, worsening of health status and/or adverse drug-nutrient interactions.

Let’s talk about safety concerns with the Mediterranean diet:

• Potential for weight gain: If you’re trying to lose or maintain your weight, you may need to limit the portion size of your meals. Also, since olive oil is used rather liberally, this can add hundreds of calories per meal if not restricted.
   
• Potential for adverse drug-nutrient interactions: If you take medications, talk to your healthcare team. Certain compounds of Mediterranean diet foods can interfere with how medications work (e.g. cruciferous vegetables and clozapine, omega-3s and warfarin).¹²

Do I Need to Take Supplements on a Mediterranean Diet?

In most cases, it is best to obtain nutrients from food sources first. Supplements can be used to fill in nutritional gaps, meet specific individual nutrient needs, and/or when one’s diet lacks certain nutrients.

Remember to consult with your doctor before starting or changing your supplement regimen. Supplements can play a part in your health status and affect how certain medications work.

In the case of the Mediterranean diet, it is uncommon to experience nutrient deficiencies. In fact, the Mediterranean diet can be used to improve overall nutritional adequacy.¹³ Nutrient deficiencies that do occur may indicate someone’s lack of knowledge about what to eat.

When you’re deficient, supplementation and/or dietary changes may be required. Supplementation should be discussed and analyzed by a healthcare provider prior to starting.

Read More: When Supplements Can Benefit Your Diet

In Summary

The Mediterranean diet is an excellent choice for most people! It is highly sustainable, enjoyable and backed by favorable research. However, talk to your doctor if you take certain medications to ensure there are no drug-nutrient interaction and, if you have a history of alcohol misuse, skip the red wine.

1 American Heart Association (AHA). What is the Mediterranean diet? AHA Website. Updated January 9, 2020. Accessed February 6, 2023.
2 US News and World Report. Best diets overall 2023. Accessed February 6, 2023.
3 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The Mediterranean diet. Eatright Pro Website. Accessed February 6, 2023.
4 Ellis E. Make it Mediterranean. Published June 2, 2020. Accessed February 6, 2023.
5 McManus K. A practical guide to the Mediterranean diet. Harvard Health Publishing Website. Published March 21, 2019. Accessed February 6, 2023.
6 US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Nuts, almond butter, plain, without salt added. FoodData Central Website. Accessed February 6, 2023.
7 Giacosa A, Barale R, Bavaresco L, Faliva MA, Gerbi V, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Opizzi A, Perna S, Pezzotti M, Rondanelli M. Mediterranean way of drinking and longevity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(4):635-640. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.747484
8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Dietary guidelines for alcohol. Published April 19, 2022. Accessed February 6, 2023.
9 Clarys P, Deliens T, Huybrechts I, Deriemaeker P, Vanaelst B, De Keyzer W, Hebbelinck M, Mullie P. Comparison of the nutrition quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet. Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1318-1332
10 McManus K. What is a plant-based diet and why should you try it? Harvard Health Publishing Website. Published November 16, 2021. Accessed January 23, 2023.
11 Ahmad S, Moorthy MV, Demler OV, Hu FB, Ridker PM, Chasman DI, Mora S. Assessment of risk factors and biomarkers associated with risk of cardiovascular disease among women consuming a Mediterranean diet. JAMA Network Open. 2018 Dec 7;1(8):e185708-.
12 Spanakis M, Patelarou E, Patelarou A. Drug-food interactions with a focus on Mediterranean diet. Appl Sci. 2022;12(20):10207.
13 Castro-Quezada I, Román-Viñas B, Serra-Majem L. The Mediterranean diet and nutritional adequacy: A review. Nutrients. 2014;6(1):231-248. doi:10.3390/nu6010231
14 USDA. 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Dietary Guidelines Website. Published December 2020. Accessed February 7, 2023.